Report IRGC Developing Chemical and Biological Warheads for Ballistic Missiles

Reported Development of Unconventional Warheads

Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) is reportedly developing unconventional warheads, including chemical and biological payloads, for integration with its ballistic missile force, according to informed military sources cited by Iran International on December 29, 2025. If verified, the effort would represent a significant escalation in Iran’s strategic capabilities and raise new regional and international security concerns.

Program Leadership and Deployment Indicators

The reported initiative is said to be led by the IRGC Aerospace Force. Sources indicated that work on the warheads has accelerated in recent months alongside the movement of mobile missile launchers and support units toward Iran’s eastern regions. Analysts interpret these deployments as potential indicators of increased readiness amid heightened tensions involving Israel and the United States, as well as concerns over renewed strikes on Iranian missile and air defense infrastructure.

Technical Characteristics of Reported Payloads

According to the sources, the program focuses on modifying existing solid-fuel ballistic missiles to carry non-conventional payloads. Chemical warheads would likely use sealed canisters containing choking or blister agents, designed to rupture at predetermined altitudes to disperse aerosols over wide areas. Biological payloads would present greater technical challenges, requiring temperature-controlled containment and specialized dispersal systems to maintain agent viability during launch, flight, and reentry. Both concepts differ substantially from conventional high-explosive or fragmentation warhead designs.

Command, Control, and Intelligence Indicators

Iran International reported that the IRGC is also upgrading command-and-control systems associated with its missile forces, potentially to ensure centralized authorization and secure communications for unconventional payloads. Western intelligence agencies cited by the outlet have reportedly observed unusual telemetry data and logistical activity linked to IRGC missile units, suggesting the effort may extend beyond theoretical research.

Missile Platforms and Force Structure

Iran operates the largest and most diverse ballistic missile arsenal in the Middle East. The IRGC Aerospace Force fields short- and medium-range systems such as Fateh-110 and Zolfaghar (300–700 km), as well as more advanced missiles like Dezful and Kheibar Shekan. Medium-range systems including Shahab-3, Ghadr, and Emad exceed 1,000 km in range. Analysts assess the solid-fuel Zolfaghar family as a plausible candidate for unconventional payload integration due to payload capacity and operational history.

Strategic Rationale and International Implications

Sources described the reported program as a complementary deterrent rather than a replacement for conventional capabilities, intended to raise the cost of military action against Iran in extreme scenarios. This posture contrasts with Tehran’s public opposition to chemical weapons, often citing Iran’s experience as a victim during the Iran-Iraq War. Analysts warn that confirmation of chemical or biological warheads on Iranian missiles would trigger severe international condemnation, likely sanctions expansion, and increased military preparedness across the region. Iran continues to deny pursuing unconventional weapons, maintaining that its missile program is defensive and compliant with international obligations.